Corrections and Retractions

Corrections

Authors can publish revised versions, and any errors that become apparent during peer review or later can be corrected through the publication of new versions.

Retractions

Articles may be retracted for several reasons, including honest errors reported by the authors, research misconduct (data fabrication), duplicate or overlapping publication, fraudulent use of data, clear plagiarism, AI writing and unethical research. For any retracted article, the reason for retraction and who is instigating the retraction will be clearly stated in the Retraction notice. The retraction notice will be linked to the retracted article (which usually remains on the site) and the article will be clearly marked as retracted (including the PDF). An article is usually only retracted at the authors’ request or by the publisher in response to an institutional investigation. The content of a retracted article would only be removed where legal limitations have been placed upon the publisher, copyright holder or author(s).